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Abstract
Coniferous forests represent some of the most fire-prone ecosystems, largely due to the accumulation of oleoresins enriched with highly volatile and flammable terpenoids. Traditional interventions have predominantly focused on improving the physical traits of trees for fire resistance, while the chemical dimension associated with internal fuel load has remained insufficiently addressed. This work departs from conventional approaches by proposing a metabolic engineering framework that reprograms the intrinsic chemical defense system of Pinus species, with the aim of transforming them from high-risk fuel sources into biologically based barriers with enhanced thermal stability
The proposed strategy follows a dual-stage approach. The first stage relies on targeted gene silencing through tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress terpene synthases (TPS), the key enzymes driving terpenoid biosynthesis. This intervention is intended to yield a “chassis organism” characterized by a reduced capacity for natural oleoresin synthesis and storage, thereby lowering intrinsic flammability However, this reduction introduces increased susceptibility to biotic challenges. To address this vulnerability, the second stage involves the design of a synthetic orthogonal metabolic pathway. This pathway introduces a novel genetic construct engineered to produce an artificial compound termed the Organophosphonate Oleoresin Analogue (OOA). This bioengineered polymer is designed to replicate the defensive and functional properties of natural oleoresin such as wound sealing, antimicrobial activity, and insect deterrence while simultaneously exhibiting superior thermal stability and non-flammability, owing to its carbon–phosphorus backbone. The genetic circuit is arranged to ensure tissue-specific expression within the same resin ducts that normally secrete conventional oleoresins.
This framework is presented as a comprehensive vision for reconfiguring metabolic networks in complex plant systems, not merely through modification of existing pathways but via their replacement with entirely synthetic, purpose-built alternatives. Such an approach represents a conceptual shift in synthetic biology, offering pathways toward innovative ecological and defensive strategies that mitigate wildfire risk and enhance ecosystem resilience, while also opening prospects for engineering living organisms with customized biochemical functions to address future challenges in biosafety and sustainability